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G8 |
Glosarios -
Biografías |
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Contenidos disponibles en
español y en inglés - Availables resources in spanish and english -
Compilador / Compiler
Jorge T Colombo
. El G8 es el
"club de los más ricos" (Español)
¿Qué es el G8?.
El G8 es el "club de los más
ricos" - Fuente
OneWorld - 2003 |
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Since 1975, the heads of state or government of the major industrial democracies have been meeting annually to deal with the major economic and political issues facing their domestic societies and the international community as a whole. The six countries at the first summit, held at Rambouillet, France, in November 1975, were France, the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan and Italy (sometimes referred to as the G6). They were joined by Canada at the San Juan Summit of 1976 in Puerto Rico, and by the European Community at the London Summit of 1977. From then on, membership in the Group of Seven, or G7, was fixed, although 15 developing countries' leaders met with the G7 leaders on the eve of the 1989 Paris Summit, and the USSR and then Russia participated in a post-summit dialogue with the G7 since 1991. Starting with the 1994 Naples Summit, the G7 met with Russia at each summit (referred to as the P8 or Political Eight). The Denver Summit of the Eight was a milestone, marking full Russian participation in all but financial and certain economic discussions; and the 1998 Birmingham Summit saw full Russian participation, giving birth to the Group of Eight, or G8 (although the G7 continued to function along side the formal summits). At the Kananaskis Summit in Canada in 2002, it was announced that Russia would host the G8 Summit in 2006, thus completing its process of becoming a full member. (See Delegations & Documents for a list of all summits since 1975.) The G7/8 Summit has consistently dealt with macroeconomic management, international trade, and relations with developing countries. Questions of East-West economic relations, energy, and terrorism have also been of recurrent concern. From this initial foundation the summit agenda has broadened considerably to include microeconomic issues such as employment and the information highway, transnational issues such as the environment, crime and drugs, and a host of political-security issues ranging from human rights through regional security to arms control. The responsibility of host rotates throughout the summit cycle at the end of the calendar year, as follows: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia (as of 2006), Germany, Japan, Italy and Canada. Throughout the year, the leaders' personal representatives – known as sherpas – meet regularly to discuss the agenda and monitor progress. In addition, the G7/8 has developed a network of supporting ministerial meetings, which allow ministers to meet regularly throughout the year in order to continue the work set out at each summit; these include the meetings of the finance ministers, foreign ministers and environment ministers, among others. G7/8 ministers and officials also meet on an ad hoc basis to deal with pressing issues, such a terrorism, energy, and development; from time to time the leaders also create task forces or working groups to focus intensively on certain issues of concern, such as a drug-related money laundering, nuclear safety, and transnational organized crime. The G7/8 provides an important occasion for busy leaders to discuss major, often complex international issues, and to the develop the personal relations that help them respond in effective collective fashion to sudden crises or shocks. The summit also gives direction to the international community by setting priorities, defining new issues and providing guidance to established international organizations. At times it arrives at decisions that address pressing problems or shape international order more generally. The summit members comply modestly with the decisions and consensus generated by and codified at their annual meeting. Compliance is particularly high in regard to agreements on international trade and energy, and on the part of Britain, Canada, and Germany (for analysis of compliance, see Analytical Studies). Summit decisions often create and build international regimes to deal with new international challenges, and catalyze, revitalize and reform existing international institutions. In recognition of its centrality in the process of global governance, the summit has always attracted the attention of thousands of journalists at each leaders' meeting, and of a number of countries seeking admittance to this exclusive and powerful club. It has also become a prime occasion for non-governmental and civil society organizations to advocate on behalf of their concerns. The annual meeting has been an opportunity for anti-globalization demonstrations since the Birmingham Summit in 1998; the protests turned violent in 2001 at the Genoa Summit, resulting in the death of a protestor. EU and the G8. What is the G8? - European Union The G8 (previously G7) is an annual meeting of the top political leaders of the world\'s major industrialised countries. The meeting was originally envisaged as a forum to discuss world economic issues. It was first convened in 1975 in Rambouillet, France and attended by Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan and the United States. Canada joined the Group at the Puerto Rico Summit Meeting the next year. In 1994, Russia attended a post-Summit meeting with the G7, referred to as the P-8 (Political 8). The 1997 Denver Summit marked Russia\'s full participation in all but financial and certain economic discussions. Russia was admitted to all discussions in Birmingham the next year giving birth to the G8. The G8\'s agenda has broadened substantially since its inception, shifting from predominantly macroeconomic and trade issues to include a host of security and societal issues such as employment, the environment, crime and drugs, human rights and arms control. Since the mid-eighties, meetings of Finance Ministers and Foreign Ministers have been held separately from the meeting of Heads of State and Government. Finance Ministers meet two or three times a year. Environment Ministers have met annually since 1994 and Employment Ministers since 1996. Education Ministers met for the first time in 2000. The European Union\'s role Because of its role in the world\'s economy and trade the EU has participated in G7 meetings since 1977. The Union is represented by the President of the European Commission and the President of the Council. Then-Commission President Roy Jenkins first attended the G7\'s third Summit held in London. The Paris Summit in 1989 was a landmark year for Europe\'s participation in the G7, when the Commission assumed responsibility for the PHARE programme (economic assistance for the former Communist countries of Eastern Europe) at the request of G7 Heads of State and Government. The establishment of the Single Market, the completion of Economic and Monetary Union and the development of EU Common and Foreign Security Policy greatly increased the relevance of the European Union in the G8. In 2005, three main pledges were made at the G8 meeting in Gleneagles, Scotland that related to debt relief, aid and trade. G8 leaders agreed to: full debt cancellation for 18 African countries; a $50bn (£28.8bn) boost to aid to developing countries; on trade there was a commitment to work towards cutting subsidies and tariffs; African leaders committed to democracy and good governance as part of the deal. The EU made important commitments ahead of the G8 Summit in Gleneagles. This enabled Europe to play a leading role in aid and trade by providing 80% of the $50 billion to Africa committed at Gleneagles, by pushing for and getting a development package at the Hong Kong Ministerial in December, including a €2 billion pledge of aid for trade. On aid financing, Europe is delivering. It has not just met its commitment to reach aid worth 0.39% of GNI by 2006; as the Commission has reported, it will probably pass this mark and deliver aid worth 0.42% of GNI during 2006. On trade, as the Commission has recently reported, the recent revision of the Commission’s preferential trade scheme, the Generalised System of Preferences, has extended the scheme to 300 additional products - mostly in the agriculture and fishery sectors. A new GSP Plus arrangement has been established targeted at especially vulnerable countries that have ratified and effectively implemented key international conventions related to sustainable development. The Presidency of the Council of the European Union is only visible at G8 summits when the Presidency is held by a non-member of the G8. Commission President Barroso and Finnish Prime Minister Vanhanen were in St. Petersburg on behalf of the EU in July 2006. Germany will hold the G8 Presidency in 2007. |
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