La
relación de Allan Arbus con Diane comenzó cuando ella tenía 14 años.
A sus padres esta relación no les despertaba interés alguno. Un
chico, quisquilloso y atolondrado, cuya mayor aspiración era ser
actor, no les inspiraba mucha confianza que se diga. De todos modos
y para complacer a Diane aceptaron a Allan con muchas reservas.
Diane se casó cuando cumplió los 18 años. Después de la boda el país
entró en la segunda guerra mundial. Allan fue movilizado. Como se
había iniciado en la fotografía en el ejercito se le permitió
especializarse y así se convirtió en fotógrafo militar. De vuelta al
hogar y con su aspiración de ser actor ya superada se decidió, junto
a su esposa, convertir la fotografía en un proyecto de vida en
común.
La pareja comenzó realizando
fotografías por encargo para el negocio de los padres de Diane. Poco
a poco las fotografías tanto de Diane como las de su esposo fueron
apareciendo en revistas importantes como Vogue.
En ese tiempo el fotoperiodismo era
la pauta a seguir, era una moda indiscutible. La foto como una
poética de la vida cotidiana. Los fotógrafos del momento eran
Cartier-Bresson y Elliot Erwin. Además ya asomaban como promesas
jóvenes como Irving Penn y Richard Avendon; incluso Stanley Kubrick
efectuaba sus primeros pasos en fotografía.
El matrimonio Arbus tuvo dos hijos y
aunque jamás les faltó trabajo, nunca tuvieron una economía
domestica estable. El padre de Diane se hacía el desentendido(quien
por ese tiempo se había convertido en la comidilla social debido a
que mantenía un coqueteo con Joan Crawford) y no los ayudaba en lo
absoluto. Diane Arbus trataba de mantenerse en los parámetros de
madre normal, pero muy dentro hervían depresiones y miedos que
hacían blanco en sus nervios.
Su trabajo fotográfico para ese
entonces era rutinario y sin ningún rasgo estético sobresaliente.
Era el año 1958. La fecha es importante debido que es a partir de
ese año que su trabajo sufrirá un viraje radical a partir de su
asistencia a las clases de Lisette Model.
Los paralelismos entre ambas
fotógrafas son bastantes acentuados. Lisette Model era hija de
padres ricos. Nació en Viena. Era judía. Vivió en París y luego
emigró a los Estados Unidos huyendo de los Alemanes. Fue una
retratista de lo crudo. Plasmaba la pobreza, la miseria y la vejez
con plana frialdad. Más que el impacto estético busca efectos.
Intentaba sacudir al espectador. Arbus fue una de sus alumnas más
aplicadas y de seguro escuchó muchas veces la frase preferida de
Model: "No pulsen el disparador hasta que el sujeto que enfocan les
produzca un dolor en la boca del estomago".
En el ínterin el matrimonio de Diane
y Allan no marchaba del todo bien. Todo terminó en ruptura. Fue una
separación en buenos términos. Esta crisis conyugal y su estrecha
relación con Lisette Model convirtieron a Diane Arbus en una
cazadora desesperada. Andaba con su cámara como en un safari de
personajes singulares, de seres extraños provistos de una belleza
aciaga, de esa belleza convulsa de la que habló el sumo pontífice
del surrealismo André Bretón.
Diane Arbus comenzó a recorrer las
peores calles de Nueva York con su cámara a punto de disparo. En la
jungla de asfalto se movía con sigilo tras su presa. Sus
incursiones, sobre todo a altas horas de la noche, eran ya una
experiencia que la marcaría para el resto de sus días. Su método fue
sencillo: ir al encuentro de lo grotesco, de lo bellamente horrible.
Su segundo paso fue entablar conversación con la fauna nocturna, con
los reventados de la vida, con los personajes más excéntricos que
pululaban por bares de mala muerte y basureros. Diane conversaba
largas horas con prostitutas, chulos, mendigos. Les explicaba su
pasión por la fotografía y luego los convencía para que dejaran
tomar una foto. Poco a poco fue conformando una galería de tipos, de
seres que más que personajes de la noche eran alegorías de nuestras
pesadillas. Un inigualable museo de hombres, mujeres y niños dejados
al margen del gran "sueño americano".
Eran fotos en blanco y negro que
trabajan exhaustivamente la luz y las sombras, no obstante los
personajes retratados eran tan impactantes que el espectador se
fijaba muy poco en la calidad. Algo de morbo amarillista tenían
estas fotos de Arbus. Sus modelos eran vagos, borrachines, fenómenos
de circo, nudistas, prostitutas, travestidos, parejas de barriadas
pobres, retardados, niños especiales, gemelos, enanos, gigantes,
locos y de la más variada alcurnia como un hombre de Oklahoma que se
autoproclamaba como heredero supremo del trono del Imperio
Bizantino. Diane Arbus explica un poco su relación con estos
personajes:
|
Tras el suicidio, en el
verano de 1971, su hermano Howard, escritor y poeta le
dedicó el siguiente poema.
Para D-Muerta por
su propia mano
Mi querida, me
pregunto si antes del fin
pensaste en aquel juego de niños
al que seguramente jugaste, en el que
corres por encima del estrecho muro de un jardín
imaginando que es la cima de una montaña
con insondables precipicios a ambos lados
y cuando sentiste que perdías el equilibrio
saltaste, porque temías caer, y pensaste
sólo por un instante: Es ahora cuando muero.
Eso fue hace una vida. Ahora ya no
estás,
te negaste a seguir jugando el juego de los adultos
en el que, manteniendo el equilibrio en la cima que
corona la oscuridad
se sigue corriendo sin mirar abajo
y nunca se salta por temor a caer.
Howard Nemerow
|
"Los monstruos eran una cuestión que
yo fotografié mucho. Fue una de los primeros motivos que fotografié
y poseía un tipo de excitación terrorífica para mí. Yo empecé como a
quererlos. Todavía hoy aprecio y quiero a mucho de ellos. Yo
realmente no quiero aseverar que ellos son en si mis amigos, sino
más bien que ellos me hicieron sentir una mezcla de vergüenza y
temor. Hay una cantidad de leyenda sobre los monstruos. Todo para
ellos sucede como en un cuento de hadas. Los monstruos nacieron con
su trauma. Ellos ya han pasado su prueba en la vida. Ellos son
aristócratas".
La película de Tod Browning, Freaks,
fue importante en su trabajo. Patricia Bosworth escribe: "De llevó a
Diane a ver Freaks, la película de Tod Browning, de 1932; Dan Talbot
la había reestrenado en el New Yorker Theatre, del Upper West Side,
que era de su propiedad. La película cautivó a Diane, porque los
monstruos no eran imaginarios sino reales, y esos seres -enanos,
idiotas, contrahechos- siempre habían sido para ella motivo de
atracción, de reto y de terror, porque constituían un desafío a
muchas convenciones. A veces, Diane pensaba que su terror estaba
vinculado a algo que yacía en lo más profundo de su subconsciente.
Cuando contemplaba el esqueleto humano o la mujer barbuda pensaba en
un ser oscuro y antinatural que llevaba oculto dentro de sí misma.
En su infancia le habían prohibido que mirara todo lo que fuera
"anormal": un albino con los ojos rosa a medio cerrar, un bebé con
labio leporino o una mujer gorda como un globo debido a alguna
misteriosa deficiencia glandular. Como se lo habían prohibido, Diane
los miraba con más atención, y desarrolló una profunda simpatía por
toda rareza humana. Esas criaturas extrañas habían tenido madres
normales, pero habían salido del útero alterados por una misteriosa
fuerza que no llegaba a comprender".
Para retratar nudistas tuvo que
visitar algunos campamentos que fueron un experimento de liberación
sexual novedoso en aquellos años. Ella cuenta más o menos así esta
experiencia: "Los campamentos nudistas eran un asunto nuevo para mí.
He ido a tres de ellos en espacio de años. La primera vez fue en
1963. Me quedé una semana entera y eso realmente me estremeció. Era
el campamento más granado y por esa razón, por alguna razón, era
también el más patético. Realmente estaba cayéndose en pedazos. El
lugar era mohoso y el césped no estaba creciendo. Siempre había
querido ir pero mi ansiedad no me atrevió. Recuerdo que para llegar
al sitio me fue complicado. El director me encontró en la estación
del autobús, porque yo no tenía un automóvil. Así que entré en su
automóvil y recuerdo que estaba muy nerviosa. Él dijo: 'Espero logre
comprender que usted ha venido a un campamento nudista'. Le aseguré
que lo entendía perfectamente. Así que nosotros estábamos allí de
mutuo acuerdo. Y entonces él me dio este discurso: 'Usted encontrará
que el tono moral aquí es más alto que el existente en el mundo
externo. la razón para esto tenía que ver con el hecho de que el
cuerpo humano realmente no es tan bonito y cuando usted lo mira el
misterio se lleva en el interior'. Realmente todo aquello me produjo
asombro. Recuerdo que el primer hombre desnudo observé estaba
cortando el césped tan tranquilo".
En 1967 se inaugura la muestra "New
Sensations" y los retratos de freaks cazados por Diane provocan
distintas reacciones. Algunos rechazan las fotos de manera rotunda,
otros subrayan su tono decadente y de mal gusto. Los más
espectadores más atentos saben que se encuentran ante una fotógrafa
inusual. Por esos años revistas como Harper's Bazar y Esquire le
encargan una serie de retratos de escritores, actores, actrices y
poetas. Por su lente desfilan Norman Mailer, Mae West, Borges.
Se
convirtió en una fotógrafa de culto y su trabajo era respetado y
admirado por fotógrafos de la talla de Avedon y Walter Evans. Por
otro lado su vida, tan convulsa y deforme como los personajes de sus
fotos, formaba ya parte de su mitología.
(La actriz Nicole Kidman, caracterizando a
Diane Arbus, para el film de
Steven Shainberg, a la derecha)
Vestía de manera descuida y en
ocasiones hasta lamentable. Duraba semanas con una misma ropa. Su
vida sexual era agitada y en grado sumo promiscua. Se acostaba
indistintamente con hombres y mujeres. Hasta se aseguraba que en
algunas oportunidades tuvo sexo con muchos de los monstruos a los
cuales retrató. Fue especialista en fotografiar orgías. La
depresiones se hicieron más frecuentes. A pesar de que su reputación
de artista siempre fue ascendente su situación económica fue
precaria. La razón era que recibía contados encargos y muchas de sus
fotos, donde dejaba el alma, despertaban todas las admiraciones
posibles, pero las revistas tenían cierto prurito en publicarlas.
Un 27 de julio Diane Arbus se
suicidó. Se había cortado las venas. Además presentaba los síntomas
característicos de una sobredosis de pastillas para dormir.
A la luz de hoy las fotos realizadas
por Diane Arbus siguen perturbando. Aunque la televisión ha curado a
uno de todos los horrores posibles el trabajo de la Arbus posee el
toque mágico de lo artístico, hay una insanía metódica, lírica y
plástica que se eleva por encima de todo amarillismo mediático. En
apariencia son fotos enmarcadas en la normalidad. Por ejemplo
tenemos a una pareja con dos hijos. La madre con uno de meses en los
brazos, el padre sostiene al otro de la mano. El bebe, la mujer y el
hombre miran fijamente a la cámara. Sus expresiones faciales son
leves. Lo extraño es el niño (con la boca abierta) y su mirada
perdida. Está esa otra foto de una pareja normal con un gigantón que
roza el techo. Luego tenemos esa otra foto de una mujer tragándose
una espada.
La enciclopedia de fotografía americana informa que
en el año 1972 que Arbus ha vendido más cien mil copias de sus
fotografías. Este dato muestra que para el sueño americano el arte
valido es aquel que se cotiza bien el mercado. Diane Arbus fue una
fotógrafo de los extremos; los seres que retrató estaban empañados
de una belleza frenética. Sus fotos en alguna medida fueron ese
espejo donde pudo conocer (se) y descifrar(se) esa monstruosidad que
en algunos vive muy bien guardada y en otros escapa a la superficie
como una extraña metáfora que cala los huesos.
Biography
- Diane Nemerov Arbus
- Source:
Answers
The American photographer Diane Nemerov Arbus (1923-1971)
specialized in photographs of nontraditional subjects,
including gays, the physically challenged, circus performers,
and nudists.
Diane Arbus was born Diane Nemerov on March 14, 1923. The
daughter of a wealthy New York businessman (the family owned
Russeks department store on Fifth Avenue), Arbus led a pampered
childhood. Being a member of a prominent New York family, she
grew up with a strong sense of what was "acceptable" and what
was "prohibited" in polite society. Her world was a protected
one in which she never felt adversity, yet it seemed to her to
be an unreal world. Ludicrous as it may seem, the sense of being
"immune" from hardship was painful for her. An extremely shy
child, Arbus was often fearful but told no one of her fantasies.
Her closest relationship was with her older brother, Howard.
From the seventh through the twelfth grade Arbus attended
Fieldstone School in the Riverdale section of the Bronx, a part
of the Ethical Culture educational system. Here she became
interested in myths, ritual, and public spectacle, ideas which
would later inform her photography. At Fieldstone she also
devoted much time and energy to art class - painting, sketching,
and working in clay. During this period of her life Arbus and
several of her friends began exploring New York on their own,
getting off the subway in unfamiliar areas of Brooklyn or the
Bronx, observing and following interesting or unusual passersby.
At the age of 14 Diane met Allan Arbus, a 19-year-old City
College student who was employed in the art department at
Russeks. It was love at first sight. Her parents disapproved,
but this only served to heighten Diane's resolve to marry him as
soon as she came of age. In many ways, Allan represented an
escape from all that was restricting and oppressive in her
family life. They were married in a rabbi's chambers on April
10, 1941, with only their immediate families present.
Early Career as Fashion Photographer
To ease financial pressures, Allan supplemented his job at
Russeks by working as a salesman and also by doing some fashion
photography. Arbus became his assistant. During World War II
when Allan was sent to a photography school near Fort Monmouth,
New Jersey, Arbus moved to nearby Red Bank and set up a darkroom
in their bathroom. Allan taught her everything he was learning
at the school. In May of 1944 Allan was transferred to another
photography school, this time in Astoria, Queens. Then, late in
1944, he was sent to Burma. By this time Diane was pregnant with
their first child, Doon, who was born April 3, 1945.
During the 1940s Arbus studied briefly under photographer
Berenice Abbott. After Allan's discharge from the army, husband
and wife teamed up as fashion photographers, working for Russeks
and Bonwit Teller. Their first magazine assignment appeared in
the May 1947 issue of Glamour and marked the beginning of
a long association with Condé Nast publishing firm. Their
trademark was to shoot models in action. Yet the Arbuses
despised the shallowness of the fashion industry. Her real joy
during this period was photographing friends and relatives;
often she wore her camera around her neck at family meals.
On April 16, 1954, Arbus gave birth to her second daughter,
Army. In addition to her fashion work with Allan, she
photographed children - strangers in Spanish Harlem, the
offspring of close friends, and, of course, Doon and Amy.
Throughout the 1950s she also found herself increasingly
attracted to nontraditional subjects, people on the fringes of
normal society. This provided a release from the oppression she
felt in the fashion world. During these years she also suffered
from recurring bouts of depression.
In 1957 the couple decided to make a change. He continued to
run their fashion studio, freeing her to photograph subjects of
her own choice. She briefly attended Alexey Brodovitch's
workshop at the New School and, on her own, made a detailed
study of the history of photography. But Arbus found herself
most drawn to the photographs of her contemporaries Louis Faurer
and Robert Frank and, especially, to the unusual images of
Lisette Model. In 1958 Arbus enrolled in a class Model was
offering at the New School.
It was during this period of work with Model that Arbus
decided what she really wanted to photograph was "the forbidden."
She saw her camera as a sort of license that allowed her to be
curious and to explore the lives of others. Gradually overcoming
her shyness, she enjoyed going where she never had, entering the
lives and homes of others and confronting that which had been
off-limits in her own protected childhood.
Career with a "Candid Camera"
Model taught her to be specific, that close scrutiny of
reality produces something fantastic. An early project Arbus
undertook involved photographing what she referred to as "freaks."
She responded to them with a mixture of shame and awe. She
always identified with her subjects in a personal way. Model
once referred to Arbus' "specific subject matter" as "freaks,
homosexuals, lesbians, cripples, sick people, dying people, dead
people." Instead of looking away from such people, as does most
of the public, Arbus looked directly at these individuals,
treating them seriously and humanely. As a result, her work was
always original and unique.
When Arbus and her husband separated in 1960, her work became
increasingly independent. During that period she began her
series of circus images, photographing midget clowns, tattooed
men, and sideshow subjects. She frequented Hubert's Freak Museum
at Broadway and 42nd Street, fascinated by what she saw. She
returned again and again until her subjects knew and trusted her.
She also frequented the Times Square area, getting to know the
bag ladies and derelicts.
Arbus posed her subjects looking directly into the camera,
just as she looked directly at them. She said, "I don't like to
arrange things; I arrange myself." For her, the subject was
always more important than the picture. She firmly believed that
there were things which nobody would see unless she photographed
them. Arbus created photo essays of these subjects which she
sold to magazines such as Esquire, Harper's Bazaar, and
Infinity.
In the early 1960s Arbus began to photograph another group,
nudists. She frequented nudist camps in New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, agreeing to go naked herself in order to gain her
subjects' trust. This period, 1962 to 1964, was a particularly
productive one for her. Among Arbus' many accomplishments during
this time was winning her first Guggenheim fellowship, which
allowed her to photograph "American rites and customs, contests,
festivals. … "
Three of Arbus' pictures were included in John Szarkowski's
1965 show at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), "Recent
Acquisitions" - one of two female impersonators back stage and
two from her series on nudists. Viewers were shocked and often
repelled by these frank images. A few years later her work was
included, along with that of Garry Winogrand and Lee Friedlander,
in Szarkowski's "New Documents" exhibition at the MOMA. The
show, which opened March 6, 1967, marked the pinnacle of Arbus'
career and included some 30 examples of her work. One critic
called her "the wizard of odds." Another asserted that she
catered "to the peeping Tom in all of us."
From 1966 on Arbus struggled with bouts of hepatitis which
often left her weak and depressed. Then, in 1969, Allan Arbus
formally divorced her, marrying Mariclare Costello; soon after,
they moved to California. During this difficult period Arbus
photographed many of the leading figures of the 1960s: F. Lee
Bailey, Jacqueline Susann, Coretta Scott King. She also did some
lecturing at Cooper Union, Parsons, and Rhode Island School of
Design in addition to giving a master class at Westbeth, the
artists' community in which she lived.
Arbus committed suicide in her New York apartment on July 26,
1971. Perhaps the words of her longtime friend, photographer
Richard Avedon, provide the most fitting epithet: "Nothing about
her life, her photographs, or her death was accidental or
ordinary." Her unique vision, her personal style, and the range
of her subject matter provided a seminal influence in 20th-century
photography.
Further Reading
The standard work on Arbus' photography is the Aperture
monograph Diane Arbus (1972). Patricia Bosworth's
Diane Arbus, a Biography (1984) provides a good overview of
the photographer's life. In addition, Magazine Work
(1984), edited by Doon Arbus and Marvin Israel, includes both
Arbus' own words and essays by those closest to her. Arbus is
also included in Anne Tucker's The Woman's Eye (1973) and
is the subject of numerous magazine and newspaper critiques.
Diane Arbus:
Revealed And Rediscovered -
Frank Van Riper - Special to Camera
Works
Finally, if figuratively,
there are flowers on her grave.
She was one of the
most influential photographers of her time, though too often she was
dismissed as a voyeur: a mere chronicler of freaks and misfits. In
fact, Diane Arbus brought an unblinking, discerning eye to society's
underside and to its pathetic, heroic, frightening, hilarious, all-too-human
inhabitants. Judgment rarely marked her work; only an eagle's eye
for composition and for the perfect moment – as well as her sympathy
for people she likely saw, oddly given her background, as fellow
outsiders. She died in 1971, a suicide at age 48. So tightly did her
eldest daughter Doon control all that subsequently was written or
shown about her mother that the legacy of this depressive
photographic genius was in danger of being diminished, if not
actually forgotten.
Until now.
Diane Arbus:
Revelations is the name both of a monumental volume of
photography and primary source biographical material, and of the
largest, most complete exhibition of Arbus' work ever mounted – the
first real show of her photography since a posthumous Museum of
Modern Art exhibition in 1972. Finally, and with the ultimate
approval of the ferociously protective Doon, now 58, this book and
new exhibition will give a subsequent generation the means to fully
appreciate what Diane Arbus did, as she wandered the streets of New
York – and anywhere else, for that matter – in search of images that
reflect "the considerable ceremonies of our present."
"I don't press the
shutter," Arbus once noted. "The image does. And it's like being
gently clobbered."
To anyone who began
taking photography seriously in the 1950s and 60s, the name Diane
Arbus signaled something new and strange and unsettling. She herself
was not intimidating – born Diane Nemerov in 1923, she was a short,
slight Jewish girl from a well-to-do Park Avenue family. Her parents
(like those of her contemporary Richard Avedon) owned a fashionable
Manhattan shop, this one called Russek's – her mother's maiden name
– and dealing in furs. Diane's older brother Howard Nemerov would
later find fame as an author and poet.
An artistically
gifted child, Diane grew up knowing wealth, nannies, foreign travel
and the deference of strangers, which she hated. "I remember the
special agony of walking down that center aisle, feeling like the
princess of Russek's: simultaneously privileged and doomed," she
wrote to her friend and later lover, the artist Marvin Israel, in
1960. The "family fortune always seemed to me humiliating..." she
observed, reflecting the ease with which one can hate being rich
never having been poor.
At Russek's Diane met
a wiry young man with an intense gaze named Allan Arbus, who would
change her life and lead her into photography. Allan at the time
worked in the advertising department of Russek's and became
infatuated with Diane Nemerov, then barely in her mid-teens. In
later years, they would share a love for making pictures and later
form a commercial as well as personal partnership: "Allan and Diane
Arbus." They married in 1941, when Diane was 18, and for years built
a career as commercial, editorial and fashion photographers.
Ultimately Diane chafed at being, in effect, Allan's stylist and
glorified assistant, though he always would credit her with having
the ideas that often produced salable layouts. She left the
partnership – and the marriage – to pursue her own photography.
Allan, meanwhile, went to California to pursue an acting career,
achieving greatest fame as the empathetic army psychiatrist, Dr.
Sidney Freedman, in the landmark TV series M*A*S*H.
It was during this
period that Arbus flourished, though never prospered. Always
suspicious, even dismissive, of her talents, she never could fully
accept the fact that she was brilliant at what she did. Separated
from her husband and thrust into the world without benefit of trust
fund or financial portfolio from her parents, Arbus nonetheless
produced a masterly body of work and held herself together – while
raising two daughters, Amy and Doon.
Like all of us, Arbus
began shooting in 35mm and for a time loved grainy imagery,
especially when she enlarged a tiny portion of a 35mm frame. But her
study with the famed photographer Lisette Model transformed Arbus
almost instantaneously into a devotee of medium format, with all of
the detail and clarity that that format can bestow, especially in
black and white. She favored two cameras for much of her career: a
twin-lens Rolleiflex or Mamiyaflex, each an all-manual workhorse
often used then by news photographers. Too, she loved to shoot
flash, even outdoors, the better to freeze an expression or to open
up shadows.
But far more
important than mere technique or equipment was Arbus' ability to
connect with her subjects. This was her genius; this was her art,
and one reason why so much of the work by her imitators falls flat.
Arbus had the innate ability to know when not to shoot, when
to get to know her subjects, be they street people, nudists,
cross-dressers or movie stars, and to make them feel at ease before
she made a picture. Remember: her medium format gear forced her to
get up close to her subjects – which is just what she wanted. Arbus
gained her incredible access by empathy, often photographing her
subjects many times, and over years.
"There's a quality of
legend about freaks," Arbus said. "Like a person in a fairy tale who
stops you and demands that you answer a riddle. Most people go
through life dreading they'll have a traumatic experience. Freaks
were born with their trauma. They've already passed their test in
life. They're aristocrats."
Nevertheless, a
commonly held view has been that Diane Arbus' pictures are
hard-edged, even mean-spirited: the nasty work of a rich girl
slumming.
I defy anyone to look
at the vast body of her pictures and retain that view.
Or to read of her
seemingly solitary battle with mental illness and not be moved.
"...the worst is I am literally scared of getting
depressed...And it is so goddam chemical, I'm convinced. Energy,
some special kind of energy, just leaks out and I am left lacking
the confidence even to cross the street..."
When we think of
Diane Arbus perhaps only a few images come immediately to mind: The
twin girls, the grimacing boy in short pants holding a toy hand
grenade, the Jewish giant and his parents, the straw-hatted 'Bomb
Hanoi' guy, an assortment of transvestites. Again: a testament to
the iron fist of Doon, who hated what she called the "onslaught of
theory and interpretation [after her mother's death], as if
translating images into words were the only way to make them
visible."
The pictures, Doon
seemed to say, must speak for themselves or not at all. And so for
decades she would not let writers, essayists or biographers publish
Diane's pictures to accompany their work – a practice for which she
became notorious, and which inevitably lessened and weakened the
public's knowledge of this brilliant photographer.
But even if there
were not hundreds of other gripping images in Diane Arbus' portfolio
(there are, and many of them appear for the first time in
Revelations) the early handful of Arbus images would by
themselves define the remarkable way she transformed 35 mm street
photography, melding the formalism of August Sander with the grit of
Garry Winogrand and Robert Frank.
As a book, Diane
Arbus: Revelations must be viewed as seminal and unsurpassed.
Looking at the book not only as a photographer but as a biographer (of
John Glenn in 1983), I marvel at the degree to which diaries,
letters, interviews, notebooks, snapshots, and God knows what other
primary source material, have been included in the voluminous text.
Much of this information – a treasure trove to a writer – is
included in a lengthy, lavishly illustrated chronology.
In addition there are
long essays on Arbus, including a fascinating piece by photographer
Neil Selkirk on Arbus as a superb photographic printer. (More on
that – and on Neil's efforts to duplicate Arbus' printing technique
after her death – in later columns). There also are literally
hundreds of detailed footnotes.
And, of course, there
are the photographs themselves, gorgeously printed in a mammoth
coffee table tome that is worth every penny of its $100 hardcover
asking price. It might fairly be argued that this is the book that
Arbus herself would have put together to chronicle her own too-short
career.
But is this the final
word? Of course it isn't, though one suspects that Doon Arbus hopes
it is.
"This book and
exhibition," Doon writes in an afterword, "by integrating [Diane's]
photographs and her words with a chronology that amounts to a kind
of autobiography, do not signal a change of heart, but one of
strategy." The hope, Doon seems to say is that, by providing so much
information this one time, the public will now be able to view her
mother's photographs "in the eloquence of their silence."
That may be true, but
in fact the generous and voluminous information presented here only
raises more intriguing questions about Diane Arbus' tenuous
relationships with her fame, her talent, her family, her photography,
her sanity. Questions that should be answered, or at least addressed,
by a competent biographer with full access, the better to complete
the story of this monumental and tormented talent.
Diane Arbus:
Revelations – October 25, 2003-February 8, 2004, San Francisco
Museum of Modern Art. The show then travels nationally and
internationally for the next two years. The closest it will come to
Washington, DC will be at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York
City, February through May, 2005.
Frank Van Riper is
a Washington-based commercial and documentary photographer and
author. His latest book is Talking Photography (Allworth
Press), a collection of his Washington Post columns and other
photography writing over the past decade. He can be reached through
his website
www.GVRphoto.com
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Jewish
giant - 1970
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Lady on
a bus - 1956

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Child with a Toy Hand Grenade in
Central Park, N.Y.C. - 1962
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Puerto
Rican woman with beauty mark - 1965
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Young Girl Nudist - 1965
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Identical Twins, Roselle, N.Y. - 1967
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