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Biografías
/ Biographies |
Glosarios -
Biografías |
Contenidos disponibles en español y en inglés - Availables resources in spanish and english - Compilador / Compiler: Jorge Tobías Colombo .
Biography
(English) Su padre (John Lockwood Kipling), un oficial del ejército británico, experto en arte y artesanía indios, lo envió de niño a Inglaterra para que se educara allí. Solo y abandonado en un principio, más tarde recordaría con placer sus años escolares. En 1878, ingresa al United Service College, una escuela de Devonshire, creada especialmente con la finalidad de educar a los hijos de aquellos oficiales sin gran peculio. En 1882, a los 16 años de edad, fue al encuentro de sus padres, en Lahore, donde su padre se desempeñaba en el cargo de director de la Escuela de Bellas Artes, y durante siete años trabajó como periodista en la India, país al que observó con penetrante mirada; sus escritos periodísticos aparecen periódicamente en La Gaceta Civil y Militar. Sus cínicos poemas de Departamental Ditties (Cantinelas departamentales, 1886), y sus vigorosos relatos, Plain Tales from the Hills (Cuentos de las colinas, 1888), llamaron la atención. En 1889 llegó a Londres (luego de un viaje que lo llevara a recorrer Birmania, Japón y los Estados Unidos) con una carpeta de cuentos y baladas que se convertirían en 1890 en un éxito editorial. Incluían estos trabajos algunas reimpresiones de su obra primera y muchos relatos nuevos sobre la India y el ejército británico; sus Barrack Room Ballades (Baladas del cuartel, 1892), un género nuevo en la poesía inglesa; y una novela autobiográfica suavemente enmascarada, The Light That Failed (La luz que se extingue, 1891). En ese mismo año, en colaboración con Wolcott Balestier, escribe Naulahka. A los 25 años era ya un autor cotizado y también tema de controversia entre los críticos, que encontraban un motivo de alarma en su virilidad y en su franqueza. Después de un viaje alrededor del mundo, instaló su hogar en Vermont junto con su esposa estadounidense, Caroline Balestier, hermana de su amigo y editor, el ya citado Wolcott. Aquí escribió los cuentos recogidos en Many Inventions (Invenciones varias, 1893) y The Day's Work (El trabajo cotidiano, 1898), que revelan gran habilidad y madurez, al tiempo que sus poemas, coleccionados en The Seven Seas (Los siete mares, 1896), introducían en la literatura un nuevo tema, la oda al maquinismo. De su matrimonio con Caroline, nacerán sus tres hijos Josephine (1892), Elsie (1896) y John (1897) También comenzó a escribir una serie de libros tratados a dos niveles: uno para los niños y otro para los que hallan en éstos su filosofía de confianza en uno mismo, postulada por Emerson. Los dos Jungle Books (Libros de la selva, 1894-1895), Captains Courageous (Capitanes intrépidos, 1897), Stalky and Co. (1899), Kim (1901), al que se suele considerar el mejor libro escrito por un europeo acerca de la India, y los cuentos de Puck sobre la historia inglesa, que tuvieron una gran influencia sobre la generación que era joven antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial. En 1896, después de una absurda disputa con el hermano de su esposa, el escritor volvió a Inglaterra. Su visita final a los Estados Unidos terminó en un desastre, cuando la pulmonía, de la que él mismo acababa de reponerse, mató a su amada hija (1899). Por consejo médico estuvo varios años pasando los inviernos en África del Sur, donde se hizo amigo de Cecil Rhodes —como antes lo fuera de Theodore Roosevelt—. Fue esta amistad la que consolidó sus convicciones políticas y la que hizo que se le considerara el profeta del imperialismo. Es también en su estancia sudafricana, donde conoce a Robert Baden-Powell, quien, inspirado por algunos textos de Kipling, dará forma al movimiento scout (1907) Sus dos odas, Recessional (1897), que festejaba el 60 aniversario de la reina Victoria, y The White Man's Burden (La carga del hombre blanco, 1899), alertaban a los británicos contra el orgullo imperialista, e instaban a los Estados Unidos a asumir la tarea de ayudar a los países subdesarrollados. A partir de 1902 vivió en una remota aldea de Sussex, absorbido por su trabajo, mientras su mujer se ocupaba de sus negocios. Sus escasos encuentros con políticos conservadores no le dieron buena reputación. Rechazó todos los honores públicos, pero aceptó en 1907 el premio Nobel de Literatura. Escribió desde entonces con deliberación, de forma que cada nuevo libro constituyese un acontecimiento literario. Las ventas de sus obras fueron gigantescas incluso cuando la crítica vanguardista lo acusó de reaccionario. La pérdida de su hijo en la Primera Guerra Mundial fue para él un duro golpe y en sus últimos años estuvo angustiado por su precaria salud. La revisión favorable de su poesía realizada en 1941 por T. S. Eliot condujo a una nueva formulación crítica. Los estudios recientes han llamado la atención hacia la agudeza de sus últimas narraciones, desde Traffics and Discoveries (Tráficos y descubrimientos, 1904) hasta Debits and Credits (Cargos y créditos, 1926). Joseph Rudyard Kipling fallece en Londres el 18 de enero de 1936. sus restos se encuentran sepultados en la Abadía de Westminster. ObrasCuarteto (1884, colección de poemas escritos junto a su madre y hermana) Cuentos de las Colinas (888) De un Mar a Otro (1889) Naulahka (1891, en colaboración con Wolcott Balestier)
El Libro de la Selva (1894) La Carga del Hombre Blanco (1899) Kim (1900) Puck, el de la Colina Pook (1900) Los Ancianos (1902, donde preanuncia la Primera Guerra Mundial) Canción de la Patrulla (1908, himno del movimiento scout) El Retorno de Puck (1911) Por Todo lo que Tenemos y Todo lo que Somos (1914) |
Biography
English short-story writer, novelist and poet, who celebrated the heroism of British colonial soldiers in India and Burma. "It is true that Mr Kipling shouts, 'Hurrah for the Empire!' and puts out his tongue at her enemies," Virginia Woof wrote in 1920. Kipling was the first Englishman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). His most popular works include THE JUNGLE BOOK (1894) with such unforgettable characters as Mowgli, Baloo, and Bagheera. The book was adapted into screen by Zoltan Korda and André de Toth in 1942. Walt Disney's cartoon version was produced in the 1960s.
Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay, India, where his father, John Lockwood Kipling, was an arts and crafts teacher at the Jeejeebhoy School of Art. His mother, the former Alice Macdonald, was a sister-in-law of the painter Edward Burne-Jones. India was at that time ruled by the British. Ruddy, as Kipling was affectionally called, was brought up by an ayah, who taught him Hidustani as his first language.
Kipling's writings at the age of thirteen were influenced by the pre-Raphaelites - and he also had family connections to them: two of his mother's sisters were married into the pre-Raphaelite community. At the age of six he was taken to England by his parents and left for five years at a foster home at Southsea. Kipling, who was not accustomed to traditional English beatings, expressed later his feeling of the treatment in the short story 'Baa Baa, Black Sheep', in the novel THE LIGHT THAT FAILED (1890), and in his autobiography (1937). In 1878 Kipling entered United Services College, a boarding school in North Devon. It was an expensive institution that specialized in training for entry into military academies. His poor eyesight and mediocre results as a student ended hopes about military career. However, these years Kipling recalled in lighter tone in one of his most popular books, STALKY & CO (1899). Kipling's bookishness separated him from the other students; he had to wear glasses and was nicknamed "Gigger", for gig (carriage) for lamps. However, Kipling wrote about the non-conformist Headmaster, Cormell Price: "Many of us loved the Head for what he had done for us, but I owed him more than all of them put together and I think I loved him even more than they did." Kipling returned to India in 1882, where he worked as a journalist in Lahore for Civil and Military Gazette (1882-87) and an assistant editor and overseas correspondent in Allahabad for Pioneer (1887-89). The stories written during his last two years in India were collected in THE PHANTOM RICKSHAW. It that included the famous story 'The Man Who Would Be a King.' In the story a white trader, Daniel Dravot sets himself up as a god and king in Kafristan, but a woman discovers that he is a human and betrays him. His companion, Peachey Carnehan, manages to escape to tell the tale, but Dravot is killed. Kilping's short stories and verses gained success in the late 1880s in England, to which he returned in 1889, and was hailed as a literary heir to Charles Dickens. When he toured Japan he criticized the Japanese middle-class for its eagerness to adopt western fashions and values. "... I was a barbarian, and no true Sahib," he wrote. Between the years 1889 and 1892, Kipling lived in London and published LIFE'S HANDICAP (1891), a collection of Indian stories that included 'The Man Who Was,' and BARRACK-ROOM BALLADS, a collection of poems that included 'Gunga Din,' a praise of a Hindu water carrier for a British Indian regiment. Wellington had viewed the private soldier as "the very scum of the earth", but Kipling portrayed him as the embodiment of British virtue In 1892 Kipling married Caroline Starr Balestier, the sister of an American publisher and writer, with whom he collaborated a novel, THE NAULAHKA (1892). The young couple moved to the United States. Kipling was dissatisfied with the life in Vermont, and after the death of his daughter, Josephine, Kipling took his family back to England and settled in Burwash, Sussex. According to the author's sister, Kipling became a "harder man" - but also his political beliefs started to stiffen. Kipling's marriage was not in all respects happy. The author was dominated by his wife who had troubles to accept all aspects of her husband's character. During these restless years Kipling produced MANY INVENTIONS (1893), JUNGLE BOOK (1894), a collection of animal stories for children, THE SECOND JUNGLE BOOK (1895), and THE SEVEN SEAS (1896).
Widely regarded as unofficial poet laureate, Kipling refused this and many honors, among them the Order of Merit. During the Boer War in 1899 Kipling spent several months in South Africa. In 1902 he moved to Sussex, also spending time in South Africa, where he was given a house by Cecil Rhodes, the influential British colonial statesman. In 1901 appeared KIM, widely considered Kipling's best novel. The story, set in India, depicted adventures of an orphaned son of a sergeant in an Irish regiment. His own children appeared in the stories as Dan and Una - the death of "Dan" (John) in the WW I darkened author's later life. John Kipling was a brave young officer, unspoilt by his father's fame.
Soon after Kipling had received the Nobel Prize, his output of fiction and poems began to decline. In 1923 Kipling published THE IRISH GUARDS IN THE GREAT WAR, a history of his son's regiment. Between the years 1922 and 1925 he was a rector at the University of St. Andrews. Kipling died on January 18, 1936 in London, and was buried in Poet's Corner at Westminster Abbey. Kipling's autobiography, SOMETHING OF MYSELF, appeared posthumously in 1937. Kipling did his best to obtain and destroy letters he had sent - to protect his private life. His widow continued the practice but a number of his letters survived and have been published. In 1884 he wrote to Edith Macdonald about his visit to an Afghan Khan, Kizil Bas, who had to stay in Lahore as a prisoner - the Afghan Sirdars had fought against the British. The Khan asks Kipling to write to his "Khubber-Ke-Kargus" (newspaper) and help him to gain again his freedom. He throws a bundle of money to Kipling who refuses to take them. Then the Khan offers a Cashmiri girl, and Kipling loses his temper. Finally he promises three beautiful horse. Kipling resists the temptation, they smoke, drink coffee, and Kipling rides of the city. "I haven't told anyone here of the bribery business because, if I did, some unscrupulous beggar might tell the Khan that he would help him and so lay hold of the money, the lady or, worse still, the horses. Besides I may able to help the old boy respectably and without any considerations."
Kipling's glorification of the "Empire and extension"
gained its peak in the poem 'The White Man's Burden' (1899):
"Take up the White Man's burden - / Send forth the best ye breed - / Go
bind your sons to exile / To serve your captives' need; / To wait in
heavy harness / On fluttered folk and wild - / Your new-caught, sullen
peoples, / Half devil and half child."
George
Orwell, who also spent his early childhood in
India, rejected in an essay in New English Weekly (1936)
Kipling's view of the world, which he associated with the ignorant and
sentimental side of imperialism, but admired the author as a storyteller.
However, readers loved Kipling's romantic tales about the adventures of
Englishmen in strange and distant parts of the world. Characteristic for
Kipling is sympathy for the world of children, satirical attitude toward
pompous patriotism, and belief in the blessings and superiority of the
British rule, without questioning its basic nature. |
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